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The sixteenth-century Mediterranean witnessed the expansion of both European and Middle Eastern civilizations, under the guises of the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman empire. Here, Andrew C. Hess considers the relations between these two dynasties in light of the social, economic, and political affairs at the frontiers between North Africa and the Iberian peninsula.
- Sales Rank: #2895028 in Books
- Published on: 2010-12-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.50" h x .90" w x 5.50" l, .75 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 290 pages
Review
"An erudite reinterpretation of sixteenth-century Mediterranean history.... An impressive contribution [that is] at once a regional frontier history, a synthesis of the sixteenth-century western Mediterranean wars, and an interpretative essay about the Habsburg - Ottoman imperial struggle and its aftermath." - Hispanic American Historical Review "Impressively researched, concise, and informative.... Convincingly explains why two empires came face to face and then turned back to back, leaving two very different and mutually antagonistic societies in their wake." - Catholic Historical Review "The implied scope of Hess's very impressive piece of work is far greater than its title would suggest.... A very skillful and sure-handed tour." - Middle East Journal "This thought-provoking book will interest not only readers concerned with Mediterranean history and culture, but those concerned with Islam Resurgent both then and now." - Journal of Modern History"
About the Author
Andrew C. Hess is professor of diplomacy and director of the Program for Southwest Asia and Islamic Civilization at Tufts University.
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
The Mediterranean's Frontier
By Bryan Gibby
Professor Andrew Hess has written an excellent biography of the moving frontier between Catholic Spain and Islamic North Africa. "Biography" is an acceptable label - his story is full of people who moved or were moved by the many forces (geographic, demographic, proto-nationalist, millennialist to name a few) that profoundly influenced Mediterranean history at the close of the 16th century. In this respect, and as the author indicates early, the book is a counter to Fernand Braudel's sweeping and monumental study of the region. Hess is firmly in the camp of differences and distinctions between cultures, as opposed to unity and consolidation.
Hess begins the study appropriately with a review of the military revolution of the 15th and 16th centuries. The changes in weaponry, army size and composition, and expense were probably the single most important factors of change influencing the region. His analysis is good for its time (1978 - ten years before Geoffrey Parker's The Military Revolution), and it sets the stage neatly for the rest of the narrative.
A critical analytical point that Hess makes is the fact that Iberia actually had two frontiers, Atlantic and Mediterranean. By the 16th century, the Atlantic was ascendent economically, culturally, and intellectually. This explains much of why the Spanish monarchies of Charles V and Philip II were content merely to outpost themselves in North Africa as opposed to expanding the reconquista across the Straits of Gibraltar. The resurgence of Islamic civilization, and the arrival of the Ottoman Turks in the central and western parts of the basis certainly contributed to this outlook. In many respects, the violence of the last acts between Christian and Muslim in the late 1400s simply made close intercourse undesirable for both sides. Although military conflict continued between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires, a strategy of elmination was never seriously contemplated. So long as Philip could defend Iberia, and the Sultan could defend Islam in North Africa, a modus vivendi developed allowing both empires to turn in other, more profitable, directions.
A great strength of Hess's work is the use of Arabic and Ottoman sources, both literary and documentary. The perspective is balanced and his judgements are fair. The analysis of North Africa is especially interesting -- how Morocco came to establish and defend its independence is a fascinating story that helps to illuminate the region's politics and social issues even today.
As a last point, the Ibero-African frontier may be forgotten in a literary historical sense, but personal observation has demonstrated that at the micro level, at least in the early 21st century, the frontier is very much alive. How curious it is for a foreign traveler to see highway and roadside signs in southern Spain written in Arabic - or to view the magnificent white-washed mosque sitting on the southermost tip of Europa Point; from here, Ceuta is visible on a clear day, only a dozen or so miles across the straits.
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